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[title] => Žene su se bunile da su muževi impotentni! Jeste li čuli zašto se pokušavala zabraniti kava? Evo lude priče
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Zacijelo je svatko čuo za legendu o etiopskom pastiru čije su koze obrstile neki neobičan grm, a nakon toga postale jako vesele i živahne. Pastir je i sam probao bobice s grma te uvidio da mu pojačavaju budnost, koncentraciju i daju više snage.
Tako je navodno otkrivena kava još u 9. stoljeću, ali do masovne upotrebe i otvaranja kavana trebalo je proći još vremena.
Međutim, kada je jednom usvojena tehnologija berbe, prženja, mljevenja i kuhanja crnog napitka, nitko ga više nije mogao srušiti s trona. Čak ni zabrane, visoki porezi ni prijetnje smrću - a kroz povijest ih je bilo nekoliko. Inače, svaka čast papi Klementu VIII, koji je 1600. proglasio kavu kršćanskim pićem, unatoč apelima da se zabrani kao "muslimansko piće".
U osnovi tih zabrana bio je strah od okupljanja, rasprava i razgovora koji bi se mogli okrenuti protiv same vlasti. Jer, kava kao da poziva na "kafenisanje", polagano ispijanje, duge priče i razmjenu ideja. One slabe, vodenaste, anemične kave, koje se u američkim filmovima u trku ispijaju iz golemih stiroporskih čaša, gotovo da i ne zaslužuju svoj naziv.
Uz to, kava je u početku bila skupo, elitno piće, oko kojega su se satima okupljali imućni i intelektualci kojima svašta može pasti na pamet. Eto potencijalne opasnosti za vlast, pomislio je osmanski sultan Murat IV zvan Okrutni.
Murat je vladao u prvoj polovici 17. stoljeća, u početku uz pomoć majke, sultanije Kosem, a kasnije samostalno. Uspio je ugušiti pobune u carstvu (smaknuo je 100 tisuća ljudi), iskorijeniti korupciju i planirao je veliku ekonomsku reformu, ali živio je u neprestanom strahu od novih pobuna.
Zabranio je duhan, alkohol i kavu te dao zatvoriti sve kavane. Tko je pio ili prodavao kavu bio je osuđen na smrt. Noću je Murat često prerušen obilazio ulicama Istanbula, vrebajući na izgrednike. Mnogi su platili glavom, ali, kava se i dalje švercala i potajno ispijala. Njegovi protivnici tvrdili su da u palači sam uživa u sva tri zabranjena proizvoda. Umro je mlad, a s njime su nestale i zabrane.
Atentati iz kavane
Engleski kralj Charles II u 17. stoljeću je, strahujući od atentata, počeo u kavane slati špijune kako bi doznao što tamo ljudi govore. Tvrdio je da postojanje kavana narušava javni red i mir i da općenito šire loš i opasan utjecaj. U Londonu je tada bilo već preko stotinu kavana.
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Charles je donio i odluku o njihovom zatvaranju, ali, ipak ju je povukao dva dana prije stupanja na snagu. U to vrijeme javila i tzv. ženska peticija protiv kave, u kojoj žene pišu da im muževi zbog crnog pića postaju impotentni, ali, nikada nije potvrđeno da su je pisale žene. Vrlo vjerojatno je to bilo djelo vlasnika pivnica i točionica vina koji su kavane vidjeli kao konkurenciju.
Švedski kralj Gustav III - čija je vladavina imala mnoga kontroverzna obilježja, ali i pozitivne učinke, osobito na području kulture, nije bio prijatelj kave, kao ni njegov otac, koji je izdao edikt protiv kave i čaja.
Otac i sin bili su pročitali rad jednog francuskog liječnika o stimulansu u kavi - koji je dobio naziv kofein - i držali su piće štetnim. Gustav je kavu prvo opteretio teškim porezima, a potom i potpuno zabranio, uz opravdanje da predstavlja prijetnju javnom zdravlju.
Oni koji bi bili uhvaćeni - jer, kava se i dalje pila - plaćali su velike globe, a uz to bi im zaplijenili sav pribor za pripremu, čak i šalice i tanjuriće.
Prvi umro ‘čajoljubac‘
Gustav je navodno naredio da se provede eksperiment na dvojici blizanaca osuđenih na smrt: smrtna presuda preinačena im je u doživotni zatvor, a do kraja života jedan je morao piti kavu a drugi čaj - i to u popriličnim količinama. Kralj je želio dokazati da je čaj ipak bolji.
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Prvi je umro onaj koji je pio čaj, a Gustav je stradao u atentatu. Kava je zbog zabrane postala silno popularna i danas je Švedska jedan od najvećih potrošača na svijetu.
I pruski kralj Fridrik II. Veliki pokušao je u 18 stoljeću zabraniti kavu pomoću propagande koja je veličala pivo, a i visokim porezima. Videći da od toga nema koristi, preuzeo je kontrolu nad trgovinom i pržionicama - dodjeljujući te privilegije dvorjanima ali, sam je ostao kavomrzac do kraja života. Barem javno, i dalje ističući prednosti piva.
No, povjesničari tvrde da je kava i njemu s vremenom postala neodoljiva, pa je dnevno počeo piti i do šest šalica.
A njegovi sunarodnjaci - kao i ljudi drugdje u svijetu - nastavili su uživati i u pivu i u kavi.
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Zacijelo je svatko čuo za legendu o etiopskom pastiru čije su koze obrstile neki neobičan grm, a nakon toga postale jako vesele i živahne. Pastir je i sam probao bobice s grma te uvidio da mu pojačavaju budnost, koncentraciju i daju više snage.
Tako je navodno otkrivena kava još u 9. stoljeću, ali do masovne upotrebe i otvaranja kavana trebalo je proći još vremena.
Međutim, kada je jednom usvojena tehnologija berbe, prženja, mljevenja i kuhanja crnog napitka, nitko ga više nije mogao srušiti s trona. Čak ni zabrane, visoki porezi ni prijetnje smrću - a kroz povijest ih je bilo nekoliko. Inače, svaka čast papi Klementu VIII, koji je 1600. proglasio kavu kršćanskim pićem, unatoč apelima da se zabrani kao "muslimansko piće".
U osnovi tih zabrana bio je strah od okupljanja, rasprava i razgovora koji bi se mogli okrenuti protiv same vlasti. Jer, kava kao da poziva na "kafenisanje", polagano ispijanje, duge priče i razmjenu ideja. One slabe, vodenaste, anemične kave, koje se u američkim filmovima u trku ispijaju iz golemih stiroporskih čaša, gotovo da i ne zaslužuju svoj naziv.
Uz to, kava je u početku bila skupo, elitno piće, oko kojega su se satima okupljali imućni i intelektualci kojima svašta može pasti na pamet. Eto potencijalne opasnosti za vlast, pomislio je osmanski sultan Murat IV zvan Okrutni.
Murat je vladao u prvoj polovici 17. stoljeća, u početku uz pomoć majke, sultanije Kosem, a kasnije samostalno. Uspio je ugušiti pobune u carstvu (smaknuo je 100 tisuća ljudi), iskorijeniti korupciju i planirao je veliku ekonomsku reformu, ali živio je u neprestanom strahu od novih pobuna.
Zabranio je duhan, alkohol i kavu te dao zatvoriti sve kavane. Tko je pio ili prodavao kavu bio je osuđen na smrt. Noću je Murat često prerušen obilazio ulicama Istanbula, vrebajući na izgrednike. Mnogi su platili glavom, ali, kava se i dalje švercala i potajno ispijala. Njegovi protivnici tvrdili su da u palači sam uživa u sva tri zabranjena proizvoda. Umro je mlad, a s njime su nestale i zabrane.
Atentati iz kavane
Engleski kralj Charles II u 17. stoljeću je, strahujući od atentata, počeo u kavane slati špijune kako bi doznao što tamo ljudi govore. Tvrdio je da postojanje kavana narušava javni red i mir i da općenito šire loš i opasan utjecaj. U Londonu je tada bilo već preko stotinu kavana.
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Charles je donio i odluku o njihovom zatvaranju, ali, ipak ju je povukao dva dana prije stupanja na snagu. U to vrijeme javila i tzv. ženska peticija protiv kave, u kojoj žene pišu da im muževi zbog crnog pića postaju impotentni, ali, nikada nije potvrđeno da su je pisale žene. Vrlo vjerojatno je to bilo djelo vlasnika pivnica i točionica vina koji su kavane vidjeli kao konkurenciju.
Švedski kralj Gustav III - čija je vladavina imala mnoga kontroverzna obilježja, ali i pozitivne učinke, osobito na području kulture, nije bio prijatelj kave, kao ni njegov otac, koji je izdao edikt protiv kave i čaja.
Otac i sin bili su pročitali rad jednog francuskog liječnika o stimulansu u kavi - koji je dobio naziv kofein - i držali su piće štetnim. Gustav je kavu prvo opteretio teškim porezima, a potom i potpuno zabranio, uz opravdanje da predstavlja prijetnju javnom zdravlju.
Oni koji bi bili uhvaćeni - jer, kava se i dalje pila - plaćali su velike globe, a uz to bi im zaplijenili sav pribor za pripremu, čak i šalice i tanjuriće.
Prvi umro ‘čajoljubac‘
Gustav je navodno naredio da se provede eksperiment na dvojici blizanaca osuđenih na smrt: smrtna presuda preinačena im je u doživotni zatvor, a do kraja života jedan je morao piti kavu a drugi čaj - i to u popriličnim količinama. Kralj je želio dokazati da je čaj ipak bolji.
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---
Prvi je umro onaj koji je pio čaj, a Gustav je stradao u atentatu. Kava je zbog zabrane postala silno popularna i danas je Švedska jedan od najvećih potrošača na svijetu.
I pruski kralj Fridrik II. Veliki pokušao je u 18 stoljeću zabraniti kavu pomoću propagande koja je veličala pivo, a i visokim porezima. Videći da od toga nema koristi, preuzeo je kontrolu nad trgovinom i pržionicama - dodjeljujući te privilegije dvorjanima ali, sam je ostao kavomrzac do kraja života. Barem javno, i dalje ističući prednosti piva.
No, povjesničari tvrde da je kava i njemu s vremenom postala neodoljiva, pa je dnevno počeo piti i do šest šalica.
A njegovi sunarodnjaci - kao i ljudi drugdje u svijetu - nastavili su uživati i u pivu i u kavi.
---
---
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[id] => 67
[name] => Contains video
[value] => OFF
[type] => radio
[group] => 9
[published] => 1
[ordering] => 9
[alias] => contains_video
)
[9] => stdClass Object
(
[id] => 68
[name] => Premium content
[value] => OFF
[type] => radio
[group] => 9
[published] => 1
[ordering] => 10
[alias] => premium_content
)
[10] => stdClass Object
(
[id] => 69
[name] => Exclude comments
[value] => OFF
[type] => radio
[group] => 9
[published] => 1
[ordering] => 11
[alias] => exclude_comments
)
[11] => stdClass Object
(
[id] => 70
[name] => Open link in new window
[value] => OFF
[type] => radio
[group] => 9
[published] => 1
[ordering] => 12
[alias] => open_link_in_new_window
)
[12] => stdClass Object
(
[id] => 71
[name] => Horizontal crop of the main photo
[value] => OFF
[type] => radio
[group] => 9
[published] => 1
[ordering] => 13
[alias] => horizontal_crop_of_the_main_photo
)
[13] => stdClass Object
(
[id] => 73
[name] => No-index
[value] => OFF
[type] => radio
[group] => 9
[published] => 1
[ordering] => 15
[alias] => no_index
)
[14] => stdClass Object
(
[id] => 74
[name] => No-cache
[value] => OFF
[type] => radio
[group] => 9
[published] => 1
[ordering] => 16
[alias] => no_cache
)
[15] => stdClass Object
(
[id] => 77
[name] => Don't show on the front page
[value] => OFF
[type] => radio
[group] => 9
[published] => 1
[ordering] => 17
[alias] => dont_show_on_the_front_page
)
[16] => stdClass Object
(
[id] => 78
[name] => Related on bottom
[value] => ON
[type] => radio
[group] => 9
[published] => 1
[ordering] => 18
[alias] => related_on_bottom
)
[17] => stdClass Object
(
[id] => 79
[name] => Live button
[value] => OFF
[type] => radio
[group] => 9
[published] => 1
[ordering] => 19
[alias] => live_button
)
[26] => stdClass Object
(
[id] => 87
[name] => Instant articles
[value] => OFF
[type] => radio
[group] => 9
[published] => 1
[ordering] => 28
[alias] => instant_articles
)
[27] => stdClass Object
(
[id] => 91
[name] => S preporučuje
[value] => OFF
[type] => radio
[group] => 9
[published] => 1
[ordering] => 29
[alias] => s_preporucuje
)
[28] => stdClass Object
(
[id] => 92
[name] => S voli
[value] => OFF
[type] => radio
[group] => 9
[published] => 1
[ordering] => 30
[alias] => s_voli
)
[29] => stdClass Object
(
[id] => 93
[name] => Layout with three photos
[value] => OFF
[type] => radio
[group] => 9
[published] => 1
[ordering] => 31
[alias] => layout_with_three_photos
)
[30] => stdClass Object
(
[id] => 94
[name] => Gallery in the article
[value] => OFF
[type] => radio
[group] => 9
[published] => 1
[ordering] => 32
[alias] => gallery_in_the_article
)
[31] => stdClass Object
(
[id] => 95
[name] => Required views
[value] => 0
[type] => textfield
[group] => 9
[published] => 1
[ordering] => 33
[alias] => required_views
)
[32] => stdClass Object
(
[id] => 96
[name] => FullHD image
[value] => OFF
[type] => radio
[group] => 9
[published] => 1
[ordering] => 34
[alias] => fullhd_image
)
[33] => stdClass Object
(
[id] => 97
[name] => City Select
[value] => (0)
[type] => select
[group] => 9
[published] => 1
[ordering] => 35
[alias] => CitySelect
)
[34] => stdClass Object
(
[id] => 98
[name] => Paid Article
[value] => OFF
[type] => radio
[group] => 9
[published] => 1
[ordering] => 36
[alias] => paid_article
)
[35] => stdClass Object
(
[id] => 99
[name] => SD na licu mjesta
[value] => OFF
[type] => radio
[group] => 9
[published] => 1
[ordering] => 37
[alias] => SD_na_licu_mjesta
)
)
10. svibanj 2024 18:33
