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[title] => Nijemci tvrde da su korak bliže ‘svetom gralu fizike‘: Imaju novu ideju za neograničeni izvor energije
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Fuzijski reaktor, neograničen izvor energije bez radioaktivnog otpada i bilo kakve štete za okoliš, projekt je na kojem se radi već 70 godina. Ideja o jeftinoj energiji iz obične morske vode toliko je očaravajuća da znanstvenici uporno pokušavaju naći način kako ukrotiti glavnu prepreku u tom procesu: temperaturu veću od one kakva je u jezgri Sunca, piše Jutarnji list.
- Ja to uvijek volim usporediti s loncem umaka od rajčice. Ako peć pojačate od kraja, umak se grije i počinje kretati. Problem je što će, ako ga ostavite tako, uskoro završiti na plafonu – slikovito je opisao Moritz von der Linden, direktor njemačkog start-upa Marvel Fusion koji smatra da je na pragu rješenja kako ovladati "umakom" pretvorenim u malo Sunce.
Postojeće nuklearne elektrane kao gorivo koriste nepostojane izotope, primjerice, urana ili plutonija i iskorištavaju energiju nastalu njihovih raspadom. Problem je što je nusprodukt takvog procesa radioaktivni otpad. Ideja fuzijskog reaktora je pak obrnuta: iskoristiti ogromnu količinu energije koja se oslobađa spajanjem atoma.
To je glavni pokretački proces oslobađanja energije svih zvijezda. Na Zemlji postoje pak dva velika problema: kako osigurati dovoljnu količinu energije za početak tog procesa i kako kontrolirati taj proces nakon što je pokrenut.
Većina timova koja pokušava konstruirati održiv fuzijski reaktor traži način kako "umak" zadržati unutar reaktora snažnim elektro-magnetskim poljem. Njemački tim je krenuo drugim putem u kojem glavnu ulogu imaju kratkotrajni laserski impulsi.
- Da se vratimo na umak od rajčice: mi ne pokušavamo grijati cijeli lonac, nego potaknuti svaki atom u njemu kako bi dobili ekstremno oslobađanje kinetičke energije. Ova metoda je ekstremno učinkovita, ne ostavlja nikakav nuklearni otpad, a prijenos oslobođene energije je dosta jednostavan i ne traži nikakvu kompleksnu zaštitu – objasnio je Von der Linden za londonski The Times.
U teoriji taj proces izgleda ovako: ekstremno kratki impulsi snažnog lasera puštaju se kroz gustu smjesu goriva sastavljenog od vodika i bora. Laserski impuls spaja vodik i bor u pozitivno nabijene čestice helija koje se međusobno odbijaju i kreću brzinom od oko 30% brzine svjetlosti. Dobivena energija se pak može iskoristiti preko već poznatih tehnologija toplinskih izmjenjivača ili elektrostatičnih polja.
Laserski impulsi traju kratko, jedva mjerljivi dio sekunde, a nakon toga se u reaktoru odvija tek nešto duža reakcija, svojevrsni nanoskopski vatromet koji brzo završava, pa upravo zbog toga nije potreban poseban magnetski omotač za čije je održavanje često potrebna veća energije od one dobivene u samoj fuzijskoj reakciji.
Tako je u teoriji. U praksi, Marvel Fusion je zasad proveo samo detaljne računalne simulacije i testiranje lasera, ali još nema funkcionalan prototip reaktora. No ono što trenutačno imaju bilo je dovoljno da privuku nekoliko desetaka milijuna eura ulaganja, a među ulagačima je primjerice i Siemens Energy te francuski konglomerat Thales.
Unatoč desetljećima razočaravajućih rezultata, zbog sna o neiscrpnom izvoru čiste energije, eksperimenti s fuzijskim reaktorima aktivni su u cijelom svijetu, a po ulaganju u njih prednjače SAD i, u zadnje vrijeme, Kina, a iznosi uloženi u njih mjere se u milijardama eura, objavio je Jutarnji list.
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Fuzijski reaktor, neograničen izvor energije bez radioaktivnog otpada i bilo kakve štete za okoliš, projekt je na kojem se radi već 70 godina. Ideja o jeftinoj energiji iz obične morske vode toliko je očaravajuća da znanstvenici uporno pokušavaju naći način kako ukrotiti glavnu prepreku u tom procesu: temperaturu veću od one kakva je u jezgri Sunca, piše Jutarnji list.
- Ja to uvijek volim usporediti s loncem umaka od rajčice. Ako peć pojačate od kraja, umak se grije i počinje kretati. Problem je što će, ako ga ostavite tako, uskoro završiti na plafonu – slikovito je opisao Moritz von der Linden, direktor njemačkog start-upa Marvel Fusion koji smatra da je na pragu rješenja kako ovladati "umakom" pretvorenim u malo Sunce.
Postojeće nuklearne elektrane kao gorivo koriste nepostojane izotope, primjerice, urana ili plutonija i iskorištavaju energiju nastalu njihovih raspadom. Problem je što je nusprodukt takvog procesa radioaktivni otpad. Ideja fuzijskog reaktora je pak obrnuta: iskoristiti ogromnu količinu energije koja se oslobađa spajanjem atoma.
To je glavni pokretački proces oslobađanja energije svih zvijezda. Na Zemlji postoje pak dva velika problema: kako osigurati dovoljnu količinu energije za početak tog procesa i kako kontrolirati taj proces nakon što je pokrenut.
Većina timova koja pokušava konstruirati održiv fuzijski reaktor traži način kako "umak" zadržati unutar reaktora snažnim elektro-magnetskim poljem. Njemački tim je krenuo drugim putem u kojem glavnu ulogu imaju kratkotrajni laserski impulsi.
- Da se vratimo na umak od rajčice: mi ne pokušavamo grijati cijeli lonac, nego potaknuti svaki atom u njemu kako bi dobili ekstremno oslobađanje kinetičke energije. Ova metoda je ekstremno učinkovita, ne ostavlja nikakav nuklearni otpad, a prijenos oslobođene energije je dosta jednostavan i ne traži nikakvu kompleksnu zaštitu – objasnio je Von der Linden za londonski The Times.
U teoriji taj proces izgleda ovako: ekstremno kratki impulsi snažnog lasera puštaju se kroz gustu smjesu goriva sastavljenog od vodika i bora. Laserski impuls spaja vodik i bor u pozitivno nabijene čestice helija koje se međusobno odbijaju i kreću brzinom od oko 30% brzine svjetlosti. Dobivena energija se pak može iskoristiti preko već poznatih tehnologija toplinskih izmjenjivača ili elektrostatičnih polja.
Laserski impulsi traju kratko, jedva mjerljivi dio sekunde, a nakon toga se u reaktoru odvija tek nešto duža reakcija, svojevrsni nanoskopski vatromet koji brzo završava, pa upravo zbog toga nije potreban poseban magnetski omotač za čije je održavanje često potrebna veća energije od one dobivene u samoj fuzijskoj reakciji.
Tako je u teoriji. U praksi, Marvel Fusion je zasad proveo samo detaljne računalne simulacije i testiranje lasera, ali još nema funkcionalan prototip reaktora. No ono što trenutačno imaju bilo je dovoljno da privuku nekoliko desetaka milijuna eura ulaganja, a među ulagačima je primjerice i Siemens Energy te francuski konglomerat Thales.
Unatoč desetljećima razočaravajućih rezultata, zbog sna o neiscrpnom izvoru čiste energije, eksperimenti s fuzijskim reaktorima aktivni su u cijelom svijetu, a po ulaganju u njih prednjače SAD i, u zadnje vrijeme, Kina, a iznosi uloženi u njih mjere se u milijardama eura, objavio je Jutarnji list.
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15. svibanj 2024 03:31
